Chapter 18 Gastrointestinal System

Abdominocentesis and Peritoneal Fluid Analysis

  1. Freden GO, Provost PJ, Rand WM: Re-evaluating the clinical application of abdominal fluid analysis in the equine colic patient. Paper presented at the Fifth Equine Colic Research Symposium, 1994, Athens, Georgia.
  2. Malark JA, Peyton LC, Galvin MJ: Effects of blood contamination on equine peritoneal fluid analysis, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1545-1548, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
    3. Esophagostomy
  3. Freeman DE: Standing surgery of the neck and thorax, Vet Clin North Am 7:603-626, 1991. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Stick JA: Esophagus. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, ed 4, Philadelphia, 2012, Elsevier.

Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Other Causes of Colic

  1. Mair T, Divers T, Ducharme N: Manual of equine gastroenterology, London, 2002, Saunders.
    2. Colic
  2. Baxter G: The steps in assessing a colicky horse, Vet Med 87:1012-1018, 1992.
  3. Marshall JF, Blikslager AT: Colic: diagnosis, surgical decision, and preoperative management. In Auer J, Stick J, editors: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, 2012, Elsevier.
  4. Spurlock S, Ward M: Fluid therapy for acute abdominal disease. In White N, editor: The equine acute abdomen, Philadelphia, 1990, Lea & Febiger.
  5. Corley KT: Treatment of shock. In White NA, Moore JN, Mair TS, editors: The equine acute abdomen, Jackson, WY, 2008, Teton NewMedia.
  6. Corley KT, Hallowell GD: Treatment of endotoxemia. In White NA, Moore JN, Mair TS, editors: The equine acute abdomen, Jackson, WY, 2008, Teton NewMedia.

Mouth and Salivation

  1. Hintz HF: Mold, mycotoxins, and mycotoxicosis, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:418-431, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Kim L, Morley PS, McCluskey BJ et al: Oral vesicular lesions in horses without evidence of vesicular stomatitis virus infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1399-1404, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Turnquist SE, Ostlund EN, Kreeger JM et al: Foxtail-induced ulcerative stomatitis outbreak in a Missouri stable, J Vet Diagn Invest 13:238-240, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

Dental Emergencies

  1. American Association of Equine Practitioners, Lexington, Kentucky.
  2. American Veterinary Dental College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  3. The American Veterinary Dental Society, Nashville, Tennessee.
  4. University of Minnesota, Equine Dental Continuing Education, St. Paul.
  5. Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB, editors: Veterinary dentistry: principles and practice, Philadelphia, 1997, Lippincott-Raven.

Esophagus

  1. Whitehair KJ et al: Esophageal obstruction in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:91-96, 1990.

Stomach

  1. Murray MJ: Endoscopic appearance of gastric lesions in foals: 94 cases (1987-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1135-1141, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Murray MJ: Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:117-120, 1992. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Murray MJ, Nout YS, Ward DL: Endoscopic findings of the gastric antrum and pylorus in horses: 162 cases (1996-2000), J Vet Intern Med 15:401-406, 2001. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Sanchez LC, Lester GD, Merritt AM: Intragastric pH in critically ill neonatal foals and the effects of ranitidine, J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:907-911, 2001. PUBMED Abstract

Small Intestine

  1. Freeman DE: Small intestine. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, 2012, Elsevier.
  2. Hance S, Clem MF, DeBowes RM, Welch RD: Intraabdominal hernias in horses, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:293-298, 1991.
  3. Mueller P, Parks A, Baxter G: Small intestinal diseases of horses: diagnosis and surgical intervention, Vet Med 87:1030-1036, 1992.

Large Intestine

  1. Gaughan E, Hackett R: Cecocolic intussusception in horses: 11 cases (1979-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1373, 1990. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Harrison I: Equine large intestinal volvulus: a review of 124 cases, Vet Surg 17:77-81, 1988. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Kalsbeek H: Further experiences with non-surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the left colon in the horse, Equine Vet J 21:442-443, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Rakestraw PC, Hardy J: Large intestine. In Auer JA, Stick JA, editors: Equine surgery, Philadelphia, 2012, Elsevier.

Small Colon and Rectum

  1. Murray R, Green E, Constantinescu G; Equine enterolithiasis, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1104-1112, 1992.
  2. Ruggles A, Ross MW; Medical and surgical management of small colon impaction in horses: 28 cases (1984-1989), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1762-1766, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

Colic in the Late-Term Pregnant Mare

  1. Boening KJ, Leendertse IP: Review of 115 cases of colic in the pregnant mare, Equine Vet J 25:518-521, 1993. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Santschi EM, Slone DE, Gronwall R et al: Types of colic and frequency of postcolic abortion in pregnant mares: 105 cases (1984-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:374-377, 1991. PUBMED Abstract

Peritonitis

  1. Hawkins J, Bowman KF, Roberts MC, Cowen P: Peritonitis in horses: 67 cases (1985-1990), J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:284-288, 1993. PUBMED Abstract

Cantharidin Intoxication

  1. Schmitz DG: Cantharidin toxicosis in horses, J Vet Intern Med 3:208-215, 1989. PUBMED Abstract

Gastric Ulcers

  1. Murray MJ, Grodinski C, Anderson CW et al: Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs, Equine Vet J 7:68-72, 1989. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Murray MJ, Haven ML, Eichorn ES et al: Effects of omeprazole on healing of naturally-occurring gastric ulcers in thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 29:425-429, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Murray MJ, Schusser GF, Pipers FS, Gross SJ: Factors associated with gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses, Equine Vet J 28:368-374, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Orsini JA: Gastric ulceration in the mature horse: a review, Equine Vet Educ 12:24-27, 2000.
  5. Orsini JA, Haddock M, Stine L et al: Odds of moderate or severe gastric ulceration in racehorses receiving antiulcer medications, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:336-339, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Rabuffo TS, Orsini JA, Sullivan E et al: Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training, J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1156-1159, 2002. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Vatistas NJ, Nieto JE, Snyder JR et al: Clinical trial to determine the effect of omeprazole given once or twice daily on gastric ulceration, Equine Vet J Suppl 29:87-90, 1999. PUBMED Abstract

Diarrhea in Nursing Foals

  1. Cohen ND, Chaffin MK: Causes of diarrhea and enteritis in foals, Compend Contin Educ Vet 17(4):568-574, 1995.
  2. Cohen ND, Snowden K: Cryptosporidial diarrhea in foals. In Proceedings of the 13th Annual Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 1995.
  3. Dwyer RM: Control and prevention of foal diarrhea outbreaks. In Proceedings of the 47th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2001.
  4. Frederick J, Giguère S, Sanchez LC: Infectious agents detected in the feces of diarrheic foals: a retrospective study of 233 cases (2003-2008), J Vet Intern Med 23(6):1254-60, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Grinberg A, Pomroy WE, Carslake HB et al: A study of neonatal cryptosporidiosis of foals in New Zealand, N Z Vet J 57(5):284-289, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Hollis AR, Wilkins PA, Palmer JE, Boston RC: Bacteremia in equine neonatal diarrhea: a retrospective study (1990-2007), J Vet Intern Med 22(5):1203-1209, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Lawler JB, Hassel DM, Magnuson RJ et al: Adsorptive effects of di-tri-octahedral smectite on Clostridium perfringens alpha, beta, and beta-2 exotoxins and equine colostral antibodies, Am J Vet Res 69:233-239, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Lester GD: Infectious diarrhea in foals. In Proceedings of the 47th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2001.
  9. Magdesian KG: Neonatal foal diarrhea, Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21(2):295-312, 2005. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Peek SF, Semrad S, McGuirk SM et al: Prognostic value of clinicopathologic variables obtained at admission and effect of antiendotoxin plasma on survival in septic and critically ill foals, J Vet Intern Med 20(3):569-574, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Medina-Torres CE, Weese JS, Staempfli HR: Validation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in feces of horses with acute diarrhea, J Vet Intern Med 24:628-632, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Ollivett TL, Divers TJ, Cushing T et al: Acute pancreatitis in two five-day-old Appaloosa foals, Equine Vet J Suppl (41):96-99, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Slovis NM, Leutenegger CL et al: Comprehensive Analysis of Infectious Agents Associated with Diarrhea in Foals in Central Kentucky, Proc Annu Conv Am Assoc Equine Pract 56;0:262, 2010.
  14. Tzipori S, Hayes J et al: Streptococcus durans: an unexpected enteropathogen of foals, J Infect Dis 150(4):589-589, 1984. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Warner SL, Boggs J, Lee JK et al: Clinical, pathological, and genetic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes causing sepsis and necrotizing typhlocolitis and hepatitis in a foal, J Vet Diagn Invest 24(3):581-586, 2012. PUBMED Abstract

Diarrhea in Weanlings and Yearlings

  1. Dauvilleir J, Picandet V, Harel J et al: Diagnostic and epidemiologic features of Lawsonia intracellularis enteropathy in 2 foals, Can Vet J 47(7):689-691, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Frazer ML: Lawsonia intracellularis infection in horses: 2005-2007, J Vet Intern Med 22(5):1243-1248, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Giguere S, Jacks S, Roberts GD et al: Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, J Vet Intern Med 18(4):568-573, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Hampson DJ, Lester GD, Phillips ND, La T: Isolation of Brachyspira pilosicoli from weanling horses with chronic diarrhoea, Vet Rec 158(19):661-662, 2006. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Lavoie JP, Drolet R, Parsons D: Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhea, and hypoproteinemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada, Equine Vet J 32:418-425, 2000. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Townsend HG: Foal diarrhea between 1991 and 1994 in the United Kingdom associated with Clostridium perfringens, Rotavirus, Strongyloides westeri, and Cryptosporidium spp., Epidemiol Infect 117:375-383, 1996. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Nogradi N, Slovis NM, Gebhart CJ et al: 2011. Evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals, Vet J In Press, Corrected Proof PUBMED Abstract
  8. Nordman P, Kersledjian JJ, Ronco L: Therapy of Rhodococcus equi disseminated infections, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1244-1248, 1992.
  9. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Johnson C, et al: Comparison of feces versus rectal swabs for the molecular detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in foals with equine proliferative enteropathy, J Vet Diagn Invest (5):741-744, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Sampieri F, Hinchcliff KW, Toribio RE: Tetracycline therapy of Lawsonia intracellularis, Equine Vet J 38(1):89-92, 2006. PUBMED Abstract

Diarrheal Diseases in Adults

  1. Aceto H, Miller SA, Smith G: Onset of diarrhea and pyrexia and time to detection of Salmonella enterica subsp enterica in feces in experimental studies of cattle, horses, goats, and sheep after infection per os, J Am Vet Med Assoc 238(10):1333-1339, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Arroyo LG, Staempfli H, Weese JS: Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile isolates recovered from horses with diarrhea, Vet Microbiol 120(1-2):179-183, 2007. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A et al: Clostridium difficile associated acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, Equine Vet J 30(6):482-488, 1988.
  4. Durando MM, Mackay RJ, Stalley LA: Effects of polymyxin B and Salmonella typhimurium antiserum on horses given endotoxin intravenously, Am J Vet Res 55:921-927, 1994. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Hartnack AK, Van Metre DC, Morley PS: Salmonella enterica shedding in hospitalized horses and associations with diarrhea occurrence among their stablemates and gastrointestinal-related illness or death following discharge, J Am Vet Med Assoc 240(6):726-733, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Hashimoto-Hill S, Magdesian KG, Kass PH: Serial measurement of lactate concentration in horses with acute colitis, J Vet Intern Med 25(6):1414-1419, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Helman RG, Edwards WC: Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211(8):1018-1021, 1997. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Jones SL, Davis J, Rowlingson K: Ultrasonographic findings in horses with right dorsal colitis: five cases (2000-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 222(9):1248-1251, 2003. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Lin M, Zhang C, Gibson K, Rikihisa Y: Analysis of complete genome sequence of Neorickettsia risticii: causative agent of Potomac horse fever, Nucleic Acids Res 37(18):6076-6091, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Madigan JE, Pusterla N: Life cycle of Potomac horse fever: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and control—a review. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 51:158-162, 2005.
  11. Marshall JF, Blikslager AT: The effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the equine intestine, Equine Vet J 43 Suppl 39:140-144, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  12. McConnico RS, Morgan TW, Williams CC et al: Pathophysiologic effects of phenylbutazone on the right dorsal colon in horses, Am J Vet Res 69(11):1496-1505, 2008. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Medina-Torres CE, Weese JS, Staempfli HR: Validation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for detection of Clostridium difficile toxins in feces of horses with acute diarrhea, J Vet Intern Med 24(3):628-632, 2010. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Qualls Hj, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL et al: Evaluation of three gastrointestinal protectants in a rodent model of equine cantharidin toxicity, abstract in J Vet Intern Med 26(3):738, 2012.
  15. Reesink H L, Divers T J, Bookbinder LC et al: Measurement of laminar and digital venous temperatures as a means of comparing three methods of cryotherapy for the equine digit, Am J Vet Res 73(6):860-866, 2012. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Ruby R, Magdesian KG, Kass PH: Comparison of clinical, microbiologic, and clinicopathologic findings in horses positive and negative for Clostridium difficile infection, J Am Vet Med Assoc 234(6):777-784, 2009. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Thean S, Elliott B, Riley TV: Clostridium difficile in horses in Australia—a preliminary study, J Med Microbiol 60(Pt 8):1188-1192, 2011. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Vaverud V et al: Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia, Equine Vet J 30:482-488, 1998.
  19. Weese JS: Clostridial colitis in adult horses and foals: a prospective study. In Proceedings of the 47th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 2001.
  20. Weese JS, Cote NM, deGannes RVG: Evaluation of the ability of di-tri-octahedral smectite to adhere to Clostridium difficile toxins and Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin in vitro. Proceedings of the 48th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 48:127-130, 2002.